Learning of All

Minggu, 23 Oktober 2011

Memories of Marco Simoncelli

Memoriam of Marco Simoncelli, the greatest racer

Destruction of WTC

The South Tower's top first started to lean, then disintegrated before falling.

Nearly everyone was shocked to see the towers explode into dust in mid-air, but we were not given any time to ask how this happened, as the official explanation was already at hand: the buildings, we were told, collapsed of their own weight.

We were told that no-one had ever anticipated fuel-laden jumbo-jets crashing into the towers, and that the jet fuel burned with the heat of a nuclear power plant and melted the steal columns of the towers' cores. Faced with the fact that a jet fuel fire could only reach a fraction of the temperature required to melt the buildings' structural steel, the "truss theory" was promoted. Later endorsed by FEMA, it holds that the fires weakened flimsy trusses supporting the floors, causing the floors to fall on one another in a chain-reaction.
This document examines fallacies in the official explanation:

It is not consistent with the laws of physics.
Its collapse scenario doesn't look anything like what happened.
It misrepresents engineering practices and the Twin Towers' design.
It was uninformed by any forensic analysis of the physical evidence.

Officials Destroyed the Physical Evidence.

After the disaster, the site was sealed off. People were threatened with arrest for merely taking pictures of Ground Zero. Officials running the "clean up" operation implemented a plan by Controlled Demolition Inc. to recycle the steel: the remains of the towers were shipped by scrap metal vendors to overseas blast furnaces, mainly in India and China. The vast majority of the structural steel was never seen by investigators, FEMA's Building Assessment Performance Team, who were not even allowed access to Ground Zero.

The site of the vast crime that "changed everything", and of the largest and least understood structural failures in history, was not allowed to be examined for clues.

Nor can the public verify details about the buildings' design crucial to FEMA's theory, since the blueprints have not been released. The description of the towers' structure in their official report leaves over 20% of the steel known to have been used in their construction unaccounted for. By the time FEMA's report was published, Ground Zero had been scrubbed.

The towers easily survived the jet impacts. The impact holes quickly became dark, indicating absence of fires in the the towers' cores.

The Towers Were Designed to Survive Large Jet Collisions.

Each tower was designed to survive the impact and fire from a collision by a 707-340 carrying 23,000 gallons of fuel. The similar- sized 767-200s that hit the towers were each carrying about 10,000 gallons of fuel.

Each tower was supported by both a palisade of columns forming its outer wall and a bundle of 47 massive steel columns in its core structure. Like all large engineered structures, the towers were over-engineered to support many times anticipated loads, to survive severe and improbable events, including bombings and fires. The plane crashes severed about 33 of the North Tower's and 24 of the South Tower's 240 perimeter columns. The South Tower impact trajectory suggests its core structure was barely damaged. Absent severe winds and earthquakes, each tower should have easily survived damage to even a majority of its columns. Each tower's crash and fire damage was limited to an asymmetrical minority of columns and a few floors. Yet each tower collapsed symmetrically, and into small pieces.

The Fires Were Not Unusually Severe.

Since jet fuel (kerosene) boils easily and its vapors ignite easily, it burns off rapidly. FEMA admits the fuel must have been used up within "a few minutes". Thereafter the fires burned fuels similar to those in ordinary office fires. The impact holes became dard shortly after each collision, and the smoke darkened over time -- a sign of oxygen-starved fires. After the South Tower had been hit, at least 18 people evacuated from above the impact zone down stairwells passing through it.

There is no evidence that, even at their hottest immediately after the impacts, the fires approached the 700 degrees C required to significantly soften steel. Such temperatures would have caused regions of the building to glow red hot in broad daylight. The oxygen-starved fires likely remained below 400 degrees C, and would be harmless to the steel frame even in the absence of insulation. There is no evidence that the fires ever damaged the core structures. Note that softening of steel by high temperatures is reversible, and that steel is a good conductor of heat. If any structural steel had lost strength in the first minutes of the fires, it would have regained most of it as the fires cooled after consuming the jet fuel.

Fires Don't Cause Skyscrapers to Collapse.

If WTC towers 1 and 2 and WTC 7 collapsed because of the fires it would be the first time in history that a steel-frame skyscraper totally collapsed because of fires or any other cause or combination of causes other than controlled demolition.
47-story WTC 7 sustained no impacts from aircraft or large falling objects, and only small fires were observed within it prior to its precisely vertical "collapse" into a small tidy rubble pile, 7 hours after the North Tower fell.

The South Tower exploded into dust, 56 minutes after the jet impact.

Vertical Collapses Indicate Demolition.

The towers fell almost perfectly vertically, while spewing debris laterally. It is impossible that the aircraft impacts and fires could result in damage so perfectly synchronized and symmetrical as to cause the simultaneous and balanced failures in the structure required for such vertical collapses.

The official explanation that the outer wall channeled the collapse to within the building's footprint doesn't fit the reality that the outer wall was shredded before the bulk of the falling mass reached it. It also fails to acknowledge that the dense core would make the building's top fall like a tree.

The Towers Exploded.

In a gravity-driven collapse of the type we were told happened, the floors would crash down within the outer wall, and the wall's steel columns might buckle. The core would remain standing even if the outer wall fell apart.

The explosive disintegrations we witnessed don't look anything like that. Thick clouds of dust and debris are seen billowing from the towers even in the first seconds of their destructions when their tops were falling slowly. The remains of the towers consisted of scraps of metal, papers, and fine dust. The concrete, glass, gypsum, and other nonmetallic building constituents were thoroughly pulverized to microscopic particles.

The Towers Were Pulverized and Shredded in the Air.

The towers exploded into columns of dust resembling the pyroclastic flows of volcanoes. The thick clouds of pulverized concrete were ejected at regular intervals below the huge mushrooming clouds of dust that devoured each tower. Gravity might explain pulverization of concrete hitting the ground, but not in the air, and not in the early stage of each collapse when the top was moving slowly.

The steel box-beam grids of the buildings' outer walls were chopped onto small sections, and hurled tens and hundreds of feet, rather than peeling off. The massive steel box beams of the buildings' cores were also broken up into short pieces.

The North Tower was thoroughly pulverized in the air, creating a volcano-like cloud thick dust that expanded to several times the building's volume.

The collapse of floors and buckling of the outer walls proposed by the "truss theory" cannot account for the conversion of the concrete into dust in mid-air, the fine chopping of the outer walls and hurling of their pieces hundreds of feet, or the complete destruction of the buildings' resilient cores.

The Towers' Tops Fell Without Resistance.

The towers fell at near the speed of a falling object encountering no resistance. Video recordings show both towers fell completely in about 15 seconds -- only slightly longer than would take an object to fall from the towers' roofs in a vacuum. But unless the intact portion of the building were demolished before the falling portion encountered it, it would have greatly slowed (and in fact halted) the fall, since the energy to crush each story and accelerate its mass downward would have to come from the kinetic energy of falling mass.

The towers could not have collapsed for the reasons cited, and if they could, they would not have exploded into dust and dropped at near free-fall speed.

History of Chocolate

The earliest record of chocolate was over fifteen hundred years ago in the Central American rain forests, where the tropical mix of high rain fall combined with high year round temperatures and humidity provide the ideal climate for cultivation of the plant from which chocolate is derived, the Cacao Tree.

The Cacao Tree was worshipped by the Mayan civilisation of Central America and Southern Mexico, who believed it to be of divine origin, Cacao is actually a Mayan word meaning "God Food" hence the tree's modern generic Latin name 'Theobrama Cacao' meaning ‘Food of the Gods’. Cacao was corrupted into the more familiar 'Cocoa' by the early European explorers. The Maya brewed a spicy, bitter sweet drink by roasting and pounding the seeds of the Cacao tree (cocoa beans) with maize and Capsicum (Chilli) peppers and letting the mixture ferment. This drink was reserved for use in ceremonies as well as for drinking by the wealthy and religious elite, they also ate a Cacao porridge.

The Aztecs of central Mexico also prized the beans, but because the Aztec's lived further north in more arid regions at higher altitudes, where the climate was not suitable for cultivation of the tree, they had to acquire the beans through trade and/or the spoils of war. The Aztecs prized the beans so highly they used them as currency - 100 beans bought a Turkey or a slave - and tribute or Taxes were paid in cocoa beans to Aztec emperors. The Aztecs, like the Mayans, also enjoyed Cacao as a beverage fermented from the raw beans, which again featured prominently in ritual and as a luxury available only to the very wealthy. The Aztecs called this drink Xocolatl, the Spanish conquistadors found this almost impossible to pronounce and so corrupted it to the easier 'Chocolat', the English further changed this to Chocolate.

The Aztec's regarded chocolate as an aphrodisiac and their Emperor, Montezuma reputedly drank it fifty times a day from a golden goblet and is quoted as saying of Xocolatl: "The divine drink, which builds up resistance and fights fatigue. A cup of this precious drink permits a man to walk for a whole day without food"

In fact, the Aztec's prized Xocolatl well above Gold and Silver so much so, that when Montezuma was defeated by Cortez in 1519 and the victorious 'conquistadors' searched his palace for the Aztec treasury expecting to find Gold & Silver, all they found were huge quantities of cocoa beans. The Aztec Treasury consisted, not of precious metals, but Cocoa Beans.

Senin, 17 Oktober 2011

Sepatu Roda

Bila Anda mempertimbangkan sejarah roller skating Anda harus terlebih dahulu melacak kembali asal-usul dari pasangan pertama sepatu roda. Roller skate pertama dikenal ditemukan di London, Inggris oleh seorang pria kelahiran Belgia bernama Joseph Merlin. Merlin rol meluncur bukanlah meluncur quad, melainkan meluncur inline dengan roda logam kecil. Akibatnya, Merlin Yusuf juga seorang pemain biola yang dicapai dan pembuat biola. Pada 1760, sebagai cerita, Joseph Merlin diundang untuk tampil untuk audiens di sebuah pesta topeng di Gedung Carlisle bergengsi Mansion di SOFO Square, London.Maksud Merlin adalah untuk mengesankan orang dengan memainkan biola sambil berseluncur di skate yang baru diciptakan-Nya rol. Perayaan itu berjalan dengan baik diam sampai Joseph Merlin sengaja meluncur ke sebuah cermin yang mahal, melanggar cermin dan biola, dan melukai dirinya sendiri. Tak perlu dikatakan kinerja Yusuf Merlin tidak berhasil menghasilkan sejumlah besar kepentingan dalam roller skating!

Pada tahun 1819, hampir 60 tahun kemudian, seorang Prancis bernama Monsieur Petitbled ditemukan, dan secara resmi dipatenkan rol baru desain skate. Sepatu roda Monsieur Petitbled yang juga in-line skate dengan tiga roda yang terbuat dari kayu, logam atau deluxe gading. Petitbled mencoba untuk menjual ide masyarakat bahwa seseorang bisa melakukan apa-apa di sepatu roda nya yang bisa dilakukan pada sepasang sepatu es. Sayangnya untuk Monsieur Petitbled ia tidak mampu meyakinkan publik yang skeptis, dan sepatu roda nya tidak adil baik di pasar.

Paten rol berikutnya meluncur datang pada tahun 1823 oleh seorang bernama John Tyers Inggris. Sepatu roda dipatenkan John Tyers 'dikenal sebagai Volito tersebut. Tyers 'Volito roller skate terdiri dari lima roda di garis dengan pusat roda lebih besar dari dua roda di kedua sisi. Rol desain meluncur Nya jelas diperlukan skater untuk memiringkan kaki maju atau mundur untuk pegangan permukaan untuk mendorong off. Tyler Volito juga unik karena desain memperkenalkan rem roda meluncur pertama. Rem roda meluncur nya terdiri dari berhenti kaki logam di depan, dan berhenti logam di bagian tumit; ini memungkinkan skater untuk menghentikan dengan bersandar tajam di kedua arah. Sayangnya untuk Tyers Yohanes, dan olahraga roller skating, sepatu roda nya tidak menciptakan apresiasi di seluruh dunia untuk bersepatu roda. Namun, beberapa pakar es skaters hari membuktikan bahwa skater bisa melakukan banyak bergerak sama pada sepatu roda, bahwa bisa saja hanya dilakukan sebelumnya pada sepasang sepatu es.

Pada 1860-an ide roller skating telah mencapai Amerika, dan pada tahun 1863 seorang penemu muda bernama James Leonard Plimpton menciptakan tipe baru, dan unggul roller skate. Sepatu roda Nya diperbolehkan skater untuk mengarahkan sepatu roda di arah yang berbeda. Kami akan mempertimbangkan Plimpton keluar dari kotak sebagai pemikir ia menjauh dari yang dikenal "in-line" sepatu roda pada zamannya. Dia membangun meluncur dengan dua roda di depan dan dua di belakang, mirip seperti sepatu roda quad Anda akan menemukan hari ini. Plimpton roda yang dipasang pada gerbong itu yang diputar ketika kaki skater membungkuk ke satu sisi atau yang lain. Fitur ini memungkinkan untuk berubah halus, dan secara signifikan meningkatkan kemampuan skater skate mundur. Terakhir, roller skate Plimpton yang disediakan skater meluncur unggul bila dibandingkan dengan sepatu roda lain di zamannya.

James Plimpton melakukan jauh lebih banyak untuk mempromosikan roller skating dari merancang sebuah sepatu roda yang luar biasa.Plimpton membangun sebuah arena roller skating besar di New York City, dan Newport, Rhode Island. Dia juga membuat lebih mudah bagi siapa saja untuk sepatu roda dengan menyewa sepatu roda untuk pelanggannya. Selain itu, Plimpton mengembangkan sistem yang efektif untuk mengajar rol kelompok pelajaran skating, dan memberikan insentif dengan menciptakan medali kemahiran. Pada tahun 1863 ia mendirikan rol pertama bangsa skating asosiasi, New York Roller Skating Association. Dia juga menyewa Jackson Haines, seorang penari balet terkenal dan skater sangat baik, untuk menempatkan di acara untuk membantu mempromosikan rol nya skate dan olahraga secara keseluruhan. James Plimpton berhasil mengubah cara orang berpikir tentang bersepatu roda, dan dianggap oleh beberapa ayah pendiri roller skating modern.

Selama bertahun-tahun ada berbagai perbaikan dilakukan untuk sepatu roda Plimpton itu; dari penggunaan bantalan bola, untuk skate semua logam pertama. Namun, tidak sampai sepatu roda diproduksi massal di dekat akhir tahun 1800-an bahwa orang kelas rata-rata pekerja dapat membelinya. Selama periode ini harga sepasang sepatu roda turun menjadi setengah harga dari tangan-crafted sepatu roda Plimpton itu. Produksi massal sepatu roda yang paling jelas berperan dalam mengantarkan sebuah pasar baru dan generasi skaters.

Cukup alami ini generasi skater mulai mencari hal-hal baru untuk dilakukan pada sepatu roda mereka. Artistik bersepatu roda mengalami peningkatan popularitas sebagai spin-off (no pun intended) dari figur skating kira pada 1880-tahun 1890-an. Roller hockey mulai dimainkan pada sepatu roda menggunakan aturan untuk hoki lapangan, roller hockey disebut polo di saat ini. Kecepatan skating juga cepat meningkat dalam popularitas, dan menarik kerumunan besar di New York dan kota-kota besar lainnya di AS dan Eropa.

Roller skating dalam segala bentuk terus menjadi lebih populer dan berkembang sebagai hobi rekreasi di awal 1900-an. Namun, roller skating mengalami penurunan selama dan setelah Perang Dunia I. Setelah perang lebih banyak orang mulai mengendarai mobil, pergi ke bioskop dan beralih ke bentuk-bentuk lain dari hiburan. Roller skating mengalami lonjakan selama Depresi Besar karena relatif murah, dan lebih mudah diakses rata-rata orang. Pada tahun 1937 Skating Rink Roller Operator Asosiasi dibentuk; hari ini kita tahu sebagai Roller Skating Association.

Roller skating terus tumbuh dalam popularitas selama tiga dekade berikutnya kemudian meledak di tahun 1970-an. Dalam roller skating 1970 tidak lagi dianggap oleh banyak sebagai hobi rekreasi belaka, melainkan hal yang sangat keren untuk dilakukan! Ini adalah waktu yang selama ini bersepatu roda dan disko musik bekerja sama untuk menciptakan sebuah menggila yang memikat banyak Amerika.Ribuan skaters rol terlibat dalam seni, gambar, tarian, kecepatan, roller derby, dan gaya bebas bersepatu roda. Berbagai jenis roller skating kompetisi resmi diadakan, outdoor bersepatu roda menjadi sangat populer, dan masyarakat hanya tidak bisa mendapatkan cukup! Tahun 1970-an jelas dekade untuk bersepatu roda.

Selama tahun 1980-an menggila roller skating berkurang secara signifikan, tetapi mengalami dorongan pada pertengahan tahun 1990 ketika inline skate memukul kekuatan pasar penuh. Inline skate diperbolehkan naik di luar ruangan jauh lebih halus, dan menjadi hit instan dengan banyak es skaters. Pemain hoki es, dalam jumlah besar, juga mulai bermain hoki inline selama musim-off. Inline skate juga menjadi sangat populer dengan banyak orang yang menikmati skating untuk kebugaran. Kemampuan untuk inline luar skate, jarak jauh, menjadi mimpi yang menjadi kenyataan bagi skaters kebugaran di seluruh dunia. Terakhir, agresif dan melompat skating meningkat popularitas pada 1990-an, dan menciptakan jenis lain skater dengan budaya yang unik.

Roller skating telah datang jauh sejak diperkenalkan kepada dunia pada 1700-an, dan terus tumbuh dan berkembang dengan jenis baru roller skate dan roller skating kegiatan. Hari ini tidak jarang untuk menemukan orang-orang dari semua lapisan kehidupan, menikmati inline indoor, outdoor, berbagai, dan roller skating quad kegiatan. Roller skating telah benar-benar menjadi hobi, hobi, atau olahraga bahwa orang-orang dari segala usia dapat menikmati.